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DDAVP desmopressin ; may improve the platelet functional defect in uremia. It also raises von Willebrand factor levels in mild-moderate von Willebrand's disease, which may improve platelet function. Pharmacologic agents such as aprotinin may reduce major surgical bleeding and thereby avoid the dilutional thrombocytopenia characteristic of massive transfusion. Some of these agents may also have a direct effect on improving platelet function. Drug Name desmopressin ac 4 mcg ml amp desmopressin ac 4 mcg ml vl desmopressin acet 0.2 mg tab DIDRONEL DIDRONEL IV DOSTINEX ELAPRASE etidronate 400mg EVISTA FABRAZYME FORTEO fortical FOSAMAX FOSAMAX PLUS D GENOTROPIN GENOTROPIN INTRA-MIX GENOTROPIN MINIQUICK HECTOROL HUMATROPE HUMATROPE COMBO PACK INCRELEX IPLEX levocarnitine MIACALCIN 200 UNIT ML VIAL MIACALCIN 200 UNITS NASAL SP minirin MYOZYME NAGLAZYME NORDITROPIN CARTRIDGE NORDITROPIN NORDIFLEX PEN NUTROPIN NUTROPIN AQ NUTROPIN AQ PEN NUTROPIN DEPOT ORFADIN otn pamidronate 3 mg ml vial otn pamidronate 9 mg ml vial pamidronate 30 mg 10 ml vial pamidronate 60 mg 10 ml vial pamidronate 90 mg 10 ml vial!
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Both granule types have been reported and they have significant negative effects on hemostasis. Gray platelet syndrome is mainly an autosomal recessive condition characterized by large platelets and reduced levels of alpha granules.29 Patients with this syndrome often have mucocutaneous bleeding and associated mild thrombocytopenia. Quebec platelet disorder is an autosomal dominant condition marked by delayed post-traumatic bleeding and associated with a deficiency of alpha granule contents including Factor V, possibly secondary to absence of a binding protein termed multimerin.33 Several dense granule deficiencies have been identified. An isolated autosomal dominant form and a variant form, characterized by a dual deficiency of dense and alpha granules, are both associated with prolonged mucocutaneous bleeding, likely due to the absence of secreted ADP.34 In several other situations, dense granule deficiency is a single element in a multi-component syndrome, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and Chediak-Higashi syndrome, autosomal recessive conditions in which the dense granule deficiency is accompanied by a pigment abnormality or albinism.34 Bleeding associated with milder platelet granule defects often responds to treatment with desmopressin, but cannot be predicted; a trial of desmopressin is warranted to evaluate response in patients for whom this is being considered as prophylaxis for surgery. For nonresponders, platelet transfusion may be required. Drug-induced Platelet Defects A variety of prescribed drugs and over-the-counter preparations are known to have significant adverse effects on platelet number and function Table 6 ; . Of drugs affecting platelet number, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia HIT ; , which occurs in an estimated 5% to 40% of patients to whom it is administered, 35 is the most common. Of the others, quinidine, gold and the trimetho827f.

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The new pricing policy is awaited. The draft policy is disappointing since it aims to widen the scope of drugs falling under price control and also recommends mandatory price negotiations for newly patented products.

FREE LECTURE TUESDAY, DECEMBER 5TH AT 6 LEAD EXPOSURE: A NEW RISK FACTOR FOR VASCULAR DISEASE Metals toxicity has been associated with high blood pressure, leg pain, macular degeneration, and other diseases. ROBERT A. NASH, M.D. CREATIVE MEDICAL INSTITUTE At 5589 Greenwich Road, #175 Virginia Beach, VA 23462 * Don't Miss our Special Guest Lecturer on 12 5 * SUE BETH HUDSON, M.D. "WOMEN and CHRONIC ILLNESS" Call for Reservations: 757 ; 490-9311 And receive a free copy of Dr. Nash's book: Common Sense Medicine and decadron.
Tamsulosin Fluconazole Isosorbide Mononitrate Risedronic Acid Tibolone Ciprofloxacin Glucosamine Cefaclor Amoxicillin Zolmitriptan Latanoprost Mirtazapine Aciclovir Systemic ; Enalapril Telmisartan Paracetamol Combinations excluding Psycholeptics Norethisterone and Estrogen Fixed Combination H.R.T. ; Nifedipine Valaciclovir Celiprolol Fentanyl Eprosartan Desmopressin Itraconazole Dressings Urofollitropin Bupropion Captopril and Diuretics Terbutaline Inhaled ; Alprazolam TOTAL. Different influences on the rates of cardiovascular CV ; thrombotic events.11 Sustained inhibition of COX-1mediated thromboxane synthesis underlies the efficacy of aspirin in significantly reducing the incidence of CV death, myocardial infarction MI ; , and stroke in high-risk patients.1114 Aspirin produces irreversible inhibition of platelet COX-1: this inhibition is near-complete and is sustained for at least 48 hours after a single dose.14 In contrast to aspirin, nonselective NSAIDs are reversible inhibitors of COX-1: the extent and duration of inhibition closely follows their potency and systemic plasma drug concentrations, and the effect is reversible as a function of drug elimination.14 Some evidence suggests that nonselective NSAIDs that mediate nearcomplete inhibition of platelet function throughout their entire dosing interval may be similar to aspirin and also and dexamethasone.

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11 inhaled meds steroids, beta agonists, sodium chromoglycate ; , mast cell stabilizers, ipatroprium bromide, OTC cough and cold preparations stimulators: caffeine, surfactant 6. Gastrointestinal Disorders a. Gastroesophageal reflux b. Peptic ulcer c. IBD d. Cholestasis e. Viral hepatitis f. Diarrhea Drugs drug groups upper GI: antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, motility agents, stimulants, H.Pylori therapy inflammatory bowel disease: steroids, 5-amino salicylic acid laxatives: bulk laxatives, magnesium-based cathartics, lactulose, PEG-based solutions, stimulant cathartics antiemetics: dimenhydrinate, ondansetron, domperidone, nabilone, prochlorperazine anti-diarrheals: oral rehydration therapy, loperamide, codeine, diphenocylate 7. Genitourinary Disorders a. BPH b. Enuresis children ; Drugs drug groups alpha1-adrenergic blockers: alfuzocin, doxazocin, tamsulosin, terazosin 5-alpha reductase inhibitors: finasteride anticholinergics: oxybutynin, desmopressin 8. Musculoskeletal and Rheumatic Conditions a. Low back pain b. Osteoporosis c. Hyperuricemia and gout d. Rheumatoid arthritis e. SLE Drugs drug groups analgesics antiinflammatories: acetaminophen, opioids morphine, codeine, etc ; , ASA, NSAIDs, Cox2 inhibitors, ergots, tryptans menopause: hormone replacement therapy traditional and herbal ; bone density modulators: vitamin D, calcium, bisphophonates, SERMs, calcitonin, estrogen antirheumatic drugs: DMARDs, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, biological agents infliximab, etanercept ; antimitotics; cholchicine xanthine oxidase inhibitors: allopurinol.
H. Pleym, R. Stenseth, A. Wahba, L. Bjella, A. Tromsdal, A. Karevold and O. Dale. Prophylactic treatment with desmopressin does not reduce postoperative bleeding after coronary surgery in patients treated with aspirin before surgery. Anesth Analg. 98 3 ; : 578-584, 2004 and divalproex. To infect people, the herpes simplex viruses both 1 and 2 ; must have access to the body through injured skin or through healthy mucosal surfaces such as in the mouth or genital area ; . Each virus can be carried in bodily fluids e.g., saliva, semen, fluid in the female genital tract ; or in fluid from herpes sores. The risk for infection is highest with direct contact of blisters or sores during an outbreak. Once the virus has contact with the mucosal surfaces or skin wounds, it begins to replicate. The virus is then transported within nerve cells to their roots where it remains inactive latent ; for some period of time. During latent periods, the virus is not transmissible. However, at some point, it often begins to replicate again without causing symptoms called shedding ; . During shedding, the virus is again transmissible through bodily fluids and can infect other people. Shedding is an especially insidious stage because there are no sores or symptoms and it possibly accounts for one-third of all HSV-2 infections. In some cases, infected people can transmit the virus and infect other parts of their own bodies most often the hands, thighs, or buttocks ; . This process, known as autoinoculation, is uncommon, since people generally develop antibodies that protect against this occurrence!
1mal tgl. 2, 97 1 Tabl. 6, 58 15, tgl. 6, 61 1 Tabl. 1mal tgl. 16, 21 1 Tabl. 35, 03 64, tgl. 6, 69 1 Tabl. 1mal tgl. 9, 18 1 BT 1mal tgl. 7, 61 10 ml 22, 54 1mal tgl. 3, 1 Tabl. 6, 61 15, tgl. 4, 70 1 Tabl and tolterodine.
For the 20082012 period, this reserve has been calculated as a percentage 5.0 % ; of the projected emissions of all registered participants. It accounts for the emission amounts of nonparticipating installations from participating sectors and represents a potential increase in the total quantity of allowances for allocation. Table 19. Late Installations Resrve. Of animals. In addition, both groups of tubules responded to stimulation with either 10~6 M arginine vasopressin or 10~2 M sodium fluoride in a comparable fashion. cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in dissected tubules is in Table 4. No differences were observed. Discussion Although escape from the renal hydro-osmotic effect of vasopressin has been well documented Chan, 1973, 1971; Davis et al., 1954; Jaenike and Waterhouse, 1961; Kaehny et al., 1978; Leaf et al., 1953; Levinsky et al., 1959a ; , the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been clarified. In the present experiments, inrravascular infusions of hypotonic fluid and desmopressin resulted in a 1314% net gain in total body water before water balance was restored Gross and Anderson, 1982 ; . The role of this positive water balance in mediating and gliclazide.

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4. MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM FOR STABLE COPD.

Treatment is very effective, but the optimal duration of treatment is uncertain. Acquired drug resistance is unusual with the use of DOT, but does occur in HIVinfected persons. The risk of acquired rifamycin resistance has led to specific recommendations regarding dosing frequency see below ; . The use of HAART among patients being treated for TB is complicated by overlapping drug toxicity profiles, drug-drug interactions, and an increase in TB manifestations during immune reconstitution paradoxical reactions ; . Recent studies suggest that with careful attention to these complicating factors, the prognosis of HIV-related TB can be markedly improved with the provision of HAART, although the optimal relative timing between anti-TB and HIV therapy is uncertain and dibenzyline.
Receptor Antagonists Ideally, the development of an antagonist to any new drug would be an asset to provide protection against an accidental overdose or to reverse the effects in a hypersensitive individual. Clearly, an antagonist is a very useful tool for studies directed toward elucidation of the pharmacologic profile of the agonist. The development of an antagonist as a new therapeutic agent requires the same demonstration of efficacy and safety needed for a cannabinoid agonist. As discussed earlier, a cannabinoid agonist may have potential therapeutic uses for disorders that have characteristics opposite to the pharmacologic effects of THC. Conversely, cannabinoid antagonists may have potential in treating memory impairment, obesity, and perhaps certain psychiatric disorders associated with marijuana use. The basis of the therapeutic usefulness of a cannabinoid antagonists rests on the premise that the endogenous cannabinoid system is under tonic control, and the antagonist can either block the actions of the endogenous ligand or exert inverse agonist effects by interactions with the cannabinoid receptor. 3 Burroughs AK, Matthews K, Qadari M, et al. Desmopressin and bleeding time in patients with cirrhosis. Br Med J 1985; 291: 137781. Kang Y, Scott V, DeWolf A, Roskoph J, Aggarwal S. In vitro effects of DDAVP during liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 18212 and phenoxybenzamine.

If you take desmopressin more than once a day and it is almost time for the next dose, skip the one you missed and go back to your regular schedule.

Monitor closely for visible signs of incompatibility such as the solution becoming cloudy, changing colour or the appearance of crystals. If you are using drug combinations, via the continuous subcutaneous infusion route, not covered in the previous tables, please seek advice from contact details given in Appendix 1, page 30 and phenytoin. Desmopressin Antifibrinolytic agents Others therapies If yes, please specify 4.12 Notes.

The recovery test was performed on milk samples by fortifying the milk with: the maximum level of 20 g according to the Commission Regulation no. 466 2001 ; for lead; 20 g kg for arsenic and 10 g kg for both cadmium and chromium. Quantification of As in standard mode was affected by the occurrence of the molecular ion interference 40Ar35Cl. This interference was mathematically solved by applying the corrective factors for 40Ar37Cl and 82Se. Specificity studies were performed on the correction for: the overlapping of ZnO on 82Se, the influence of the concentration of Cl and Se on the signal of As. Quantification of chromium was strongly hampered by the molecular ion 40Ar12C, that can be removed by a suitable reaction gas in the DRC. Ammonia resulted to be particularly suited for Cr determination. The optimisation of the NH3 flow rate and the quadrupole rejection parameters q RPq ; was then carried out. The stability study of the analyte in solution was performed and carried out in four different storage conditions. No differences were found between the storage conditions. The ruggedness of the method was evaluated by employing the Youden approach. Seven different parameters were chosen and tested. The statistical approach applied to the results highlighted that the variations did not affect the analytical results. The results for the recovery tests, performed for three levels of concentration, were in the following range: As, 91 - 97 %; Cd, 92 96 %; Cr, 91 99 %; Pb, 90 98 %. The detection and quantification limits of the method were: As, 3 and 10 g kg; Cd, 0.08 and 0.24 g kg; Cr, 0.23 and 0.70 g kg; Pb, 0.5 and 1.5 g kg. With a range of linearity: As and Pb, 0.25 3.0 g l; Cd and Cr, 0.125 1.5 g l. 7. Development of methods. Annex V, chapter 2, section 1 c ; A method for the quantification of cadmium and lead in offal was developed by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS ; . A brief description of the method is reported hereafter: Summary A method for the quantification of cadmium and lead in offal was developed and validated according to the validation procedure in force at the laboratory. The microwave assisted chemical digestion was applied to offal and the elements were assayed by Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometry SF-ICP-MS ; at low resolution. The trueness of the method was assessed by the use of the Certified Reference Material BCR 185R, while the method was developed and validated on incurred material previously homogenized bovine liver ; . The validated method was then applied on various types of offal tissue, namely: veal kidney, liver, lung and spleen, pig liver, sheep lung, liver, kidney and heart. Aliquots of the incurred material ca. 2 g ; were added with a mixture of suprapur hydrogen peroxide and suprapur concentrated nitric acid and digested in a microwave oven. The standard addition calibration was applied and an internal standard was added to both standards and samples. The results for the trueness deviation % ; were the following: Cd 1.3 %, Pb 4.7 and valsartan and desmopressin.
However, there have been reports of the clinical usefulness of desmopressin in some patients with type 2b vwd. Central diabetes insipidus and gestational diabetes insipidus respond to desmopressin and nevirapine.
And accessed through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA ; or manufacturer's Web sites. The FDA has required this information for every drug approved since 1997. Table 219-28 lists examples of common drug-drug interactions and their potential clinical effects. Table 314, 16 lists some useful CYP450 drug interaction resources. AdverseDrugEffects Standard drug doses may cause adverse effects related to elevated drug serum levels if a person is a poor metabolizer or has a CYP450 enzyme inhibitor added to therapy.5, 29 Adverse effects are more likely to occur if a drug has a narrow safety range or is dependent on only one enzyme for metabolism.
Conditions it desmopressin without and types awakening is conditions, dehydration is certain by thirst, to sleep to it after body.

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The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum ; is a phloem-sap feeder known to reduce growth and dry-mass production under field conditions Fig. 1 ; . Pea aphids preferentially settle on the elongating internodes of alfalfa Medicago sativa ; and only rarely colonize leaves. Thus, their impact on stem elongation is particularly pronounced. Because pea aphids neither transmit viruses nor deliver toxic substances by salivary.

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The primary objective of pharmacokinetic studies in drug development is to predict plasma concentration-time curve for a NCE. This is of primary importance, because it is assumed that in most instances therapeutic response is proportional to the amount delivered to the site of action PK PD relationship ; , a surrogate measure of which might be the area under the concentration time curve AUC ; . There are also cases where the response is dependent on peak maximum ; concentration or is another, often complex function of concentration. In other cases the therapeutic response is sometimes complex function of concentration. Actually, for some therapeutic targets it is needed to reach the peak concentration within a short time in order to fulfill the therapeutic goals headache; sleep induction ; . Prediction of plasma concentration time curve may also serve as a surrogate for the effect of nontherapeutic xenobiotics such as biocides, pesticides and chemicals in general. Here, the inerest focuses on adverse effects. 16.1 Cooccurring Mental Health Concerns and decadron.

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Donnan GA. Evidence-Based Medicine. November December 2001. Vol.6. No.6. p.175. Reviewed by Dr Bruce Arroll. Use with caution in patients with bleeding tendencies or who are taking other medications that may prolong bleeding time.
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Boembolism VTE ; patients, compare overall hospital costs between 2 therapies, and identify and compare major cost centers for heparin and enoxaparin-treated patients in order to optimize rational drug use. METHODS: An administrative database of 720, 000 discharges containing ICD-9-CM coding and other data from hospitals across the United States was analyzed. Study patients had a principal diagnosis of either deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and were prescribed heparin or enoxaparin. Least squares regression was used to compare overall hospital costs between the 2 cohorts, controlling for differences in distribution of length of stay LOS ; , age, number of surgeries NS ; , gender, and number of secondary diagnoses NSD ; . RESULTS: From 249 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 82 patients 73.1% ; were prescribed heparin. Apart from age P 0.8405 ; , LOS P 0.3597 ; , NSD P 0.8536 ; , and gender P 0.2012 ; , NS was the only variable significantly different between the 2 patient groups P 0.0001; 76 heparin versus 7 enoxaparin ; . Overall mean hospital costs were also significantly different P 0.0001; , 296.8 for heparin patients versus , 915.2 for enoxaparin patients ; after controlling for NS. Heparin patients incurred most costs on medical surgical acute units MSA, 22.9% ; , intensive care units 15.8% ; , and for medical surgical supplies 11.3% ; , while MSA 42.1% ; comprised almost half the cost for enoxaparin patients. CONCLUSIONS: Enoxaparin was found to be a cost-effective treatment choice on hospitalized VTE patients in terms of lesser overall patient care costs, although heparin was prescribed more. Further research is needed to explore the specific application of these findings for rational drug use strategy. CLINICIAN AND PATIENT-REPORTED CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE DIAGNOSED WITH SPIROMETRY. Lasaea rubra is a minute lamellibranch reaching in distribution almost to high-water spring tides. In some places, it is submerged for less than an hour at each tide and a tidal periodicity is thus imposed upon its feeding. The effect of this periodicity is reflected in the mode of action of the gut. The amount and position of food varies regularly with the state of the tide. The crystalline style undergoes a regular cycle, being partly dissolved and becoming vestigial at low tide, and being resecreted at the high tide. A sequence of four phases was established in the digestive gland, by the study of large numbers. Foot or toe involuntarily pulls up and then relaxes again. This might happen every 15 to 90 seconds over the course of a half hour or so. The movement may not wake you, but it can keep you from deep sleep. Nocturia Having to go the bathroom frequently during the night--called nocturia--has many causes, some of them surprising. Obviously drinking a lot of liquids right before bedtime-- especially diuretics like tea or coffee--is tempting fate. But decreased mobility during the day can cause fluid retention. Urinating before going to bed is always a good idea. If nocturia persists, your doctor may prescribe DDAVP desmopressin ; , which blocks the kidney's production of urine for brief periods. It is frequently used to treat nocturia in people with MS. Anxiety and depression Emotions may easily keep you from falling asleep. Drinking alcohol might put you out, but won't guarantee a good night's rest for it can prevent deep or delta ; sleep and increase the need to awaken to urinate. A better fix is to seek psychological expertise to get at the root of your anxiety. If you constantly wake up earlier than you want to--and not because you need to urinate--you might be clinically depressed. Dr. F. H. Anderson, Internal Medicine Dr. Martin Gleave, Urologist - VGH Sherri Carson, WOC Nurse Deb Cutting, WOC Nurse Mariette Carmen, RN. ET 15. Note 1: Payment allowance limits subject to the ASP methodology are based on 2Q06 ASP data. Note 2: The absence or presence of a HCPCS code and the payment allowance limits in this table does not indicate Medicare coverage of the drug. Similarly, the inclusion of a payment allowance limit within a specific column does not indicate Medicare coverage of the drug in that specific category. These determinations shall be made by the local Medicare contractor processing the claim. HCPCS Code J2354 J2355 J2357 J2360 J2370 J2400 J2405 J2410 J2425 J2430 J2440 J2460 J2469 J2501 J2503 J2504 J2505 J2510 J2513 J2515 J2540 J2543 J2545 J2550 J2560 J2590 J2597 J2650 J2675 J2680 J2690 J2700 J2710 J2720 J2725 J2730 J2760 J2765 J2770 J2780 J2783 J2788 Short Description Octreotide inj, non-depot Oprelvekin injection Omalizumab injection Orphenadrine injection Phenylephrine hcl injection Chloroprocaine hcl injection Ondansetron hcl injection Oxymorphone hcl injection Palifermin injection Pamidronate disodium 30 MG Papaverin hcl injection Oxytetracycline injection Palonosetron HCl Paricalcitol Pegaptanib sodium injection Pegademase bovine, 25 iu Injection, pegfilgrastim 6mg Penicillin g procaine inj Pentastarch 10% solution Pentobarbital sodium inj Penicillin g potassium inj Piperacillin tazobactam Pentamidine isethionte 300mg Promethazine hcl injection Phenobarbital sodium inj Oxytocin injection Inj desmopressin acetate Prednisolone acetate inj Inj progesterone per 50 MG Fluphenazine decanoate 25 MG Procainamide hcl injection Oxacillin sodium injeciton Neostigmine methylslfte inj Inj protamine sulfate 10 MG Inj protirelin per 250 mcg Pralidoxime chloride inj Phentolaine mesylate inj Metoclopramide hcl injection Quinupristin dalfopristin Ranitidine hydrochloride inj Rasburicase Rho d immune globulin 50 mcg HCPCS Code Dosage 25 MCG 5 MG 5 MCG 30 MG 60 MCG 1 MCG 0.3 MG 25 IU 600000 UNITS 100 ML 50 MG 600000 UNITS 1.125 GM 300 MG 50 MG 120 MG 10 UNITS 1 MCG 1 ML 50 250 MG 0.5 MG 10 MG 250 MCG 1 GM 5 500 MG 25 MG 0.5 MG 50 MCG Payment Limit .537 5.981 .605 .806 ##TEXT##.502 .503 .715 .306 .432 .459 ##TEXT##.704 ##TEXT##.936 .078 .812 , 054.700 7.833 , 163.608 .038 .722 .432 ##TEXT##.830 .056 .418 .843 .157 .307 .499 ##TEXT##.440 .788 .208 .084 .506 ##TEXT##.137 ##TEXT##.440 .778 .997 .776 ##TEXT##.461 4.492 ##TEXT##.700 1.258 .695 Vaccine AWP% Vaccine Limit Infusion AWP% DME Infusion Limit Blood AWP% Blood Limit Notes. Renault even more effectively across the region. The Tokyo hub is already producing creative work on safety, which Renault is planning to run worldwide. Publicis Manila has completely relaunched its strategy planning department, with added tools and the establishment of a new Shopper Marketing unit, whereas at JimenezBasic, a stand-alone brand and strategic consultancy called "MaxMarketing" was established. The network reinforced and leveraged expertise within its executive ranks. Among the top moves, Graeme Wills, Chairman of the Australia and New Zealand operations, was appointed Joint Regional Chairman in Asia-Pacific specifically overseesing our operations in China Hong Kong and India, alongside Guillaume Levy-Lambert. Jack de Graff joined Publicis Holland as Chief Executive Officer CEO ; and Thierry Lacaze was appointed Director of the Nordic Region. Following the end-2004 creation of Spanish agency Publicis Lado C for Renault, a specific executive team was formed to lead the account under newly appointed CEO Isabel Ontoso. We also aligned Grupo K in Spain with Publicis Dialog to partner with all Publicis agencies in Spain for marketing services. Grupo K's arrival in the network offers clients an enhanced, world-class holistic communication product. Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK, Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, 3 VBS, Royal Veterinary College, Royal namely to achieve College Street, London NW1 0TU. As key players in the reproductive process, spermatozoa only have to fulfil a single role, syngamy through transporting their haploid genome to their counterpart gamete, the oocyte. This process can only occur if multiple cell functions operate flawlessly within any given spermatozoon and the process of sperm transport operates synchronously with the release of oocytes from the ovaries. Simple as this may seem it is fraught with many difficulties, especially biological factors that have developed during evolution. Sperm selection mechanisms allow females to discriminate between sperm cohorts from different males, which involve mechanisms that remain poorly understood; widely known as cryptic female choice Hosken & Stockley, 2003 ; . The benefits of such strategies to females may include preferential access to the best quality male genes if they mate with several males during a single breeding period Birkhead & Pizzari, 2002 ; . Conversely, males have developed the capacity to produce either large numbers of spermatozoa, or better quality spermatozoa, in evolutionary efforts to outclass their rivals. Recent studies of sperm transport in the female reproductive tract suggest that the phenomena described above involve elaborate signalling dialogues between spermatozoa and the female reproductive tract environment Rodriguez-Martinez et al. 2005 ; . Opportunities for mutual signalling are immense but have received relatively little attention. The oviduct is undoubtedly an organ of crucial significance in modulating sperm function and may be one of the most important sites for determining many aspects of sperm selection and competition. The oviductal environment apparently possesses the potential for enhancing sperm survival, suppressing and activating sperm motility as required, and responds to the arrival of spermatozoa by producing novel proteins Fazeli et al. 2004 ; . While the biological nature of the sperm-oviduct dialogue is remarkably interesting for its own sake, the mechanisms that govern these processes offer a host of opportunities for technological developments that might improve artificial insemination procedures. If oviductal proteins enhance sperm survival, they offer opportunities for the development of long-life semen diluents. Conversely, if we could understand the basis of sperm selection we may be able to concentrate on identifying and using only the best sperm subpopulations for improved animal breeding efficiency. Birkhead TR & Pizzari T 2002 ; Postcopulatory sexual selection. Nature Reviews Genetics 3 262-273 Fazeli A, Affara NA, Hubank M & Holt WV 2004 ; Sperm-induced modification of the oviductal gene expression profile after natural insemination in mice. Biol Reprod 71 60-65 Hosken DJ and Stockley P 2003 ; Benefits of polyandry: A life history perspective. In Evolutionary Biology, Vol 33 pp. 173-194 Rodriguez-Martinez H, Saravia F, Wallgren M, Tienthai P, Johannisson A, Vazquez JM, Martinez E, Roca J, Sanz L & Calvete JJ 2005 ; Boar spermatozoa in the oviduct Theriogenology 63 51435. Hg ; , 5 hr 107 2 mm Hg ; , 103 2 mm Hg ; following intravenous administration of 200 mUnits kg desmopressin P 0.5; n 6 ; . Baseline arterial blood pH 7.40 0.01 ; was unchanged at 4 hr 7.43 0.02 ; and 6 hr 7.44 0.03 ; after the same desmopressin dose. Plasma osmolarity of 285.5 2.1 mOsm 1 at baseline was 291.8 1.4 mOsm 1 at 4 and 289.0 1.7 mOsm 1 at 6 hr; both statistically unchanged P 0.1; n 6 ; . Tonography showed no change in the outflow facility after 200 mUnits kg of intravenous desmopressin despite a corresponding rise in IOP Table 1 ; . Episcleral venous pressure was not altered following desmopressin injection. Aqueous humor flow F ; was calculated using the Goldmann equation, F Po - Pv ; C, where ?o IOP, Pv episcleral venous pressure in mm Hg and C facility of outflow in il min mm Hg. Five hours after desmopressin injection calculated aqueous humor flow increased 57% Table 1 ; . The baseline Kinsey-Palm flow to diffusion ratio, Kfa kdpa, w as calculated for ascorbate.9 The baseline ratio of 2.12 0.23 ascorbate anterior chamber 29.1 3.4 mg%, posterior chamber 42.8 4.2 mg% ; in.
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