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Another important therapeutic area is anti-infectives, reflecting the historical strengths of Aventis' predecessor companies, in particular Roussel Uclaf, a major force in antibiotics, which developed the macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin. Originally launched in 1987, this product remained the second best selling th product at HMR prior to the Aventis merger, and despite declining sales was the 9 best selling product during 2000 generating revenues of 57 million euros. In 2001, Aventis' best selling antibiotic was the cephalosporin Orelox cefpodoxime ; with sales of 80 million euros, closely followed by the streptogramin Pyostacine pristinamycin ; with sales of 79 million euros. Other anti-infectives marketed by Aventis on the French market include the quinolene Oflocet, licensed to HMR from Daaichi, the cephalosporin Oroken cefixime ; licensed from Fujisawa, the cephalosporin Claforan cefotaxime ; from the Roussel Uclaf drugs portfolio, and Targocid teicoplanin ; orginially developed by MMD. In June 1999, RPR launched Birodogyl, a combination of spiramycin and metronidazole for use in stomatological infections. During 2000, the antiinfective range was expanded with the launch of Tavanic levofloxacin ; for the treatment of acute sinsusitis, acute chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia, and Synercid dalfopristine, quinupristine ; for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections. The oncology business posted strong growth in 2000 and 2001 led by the cancer drug Taxotere, which has captured a significant share of the taxane market. The gastroenterology business continues to expand with sales of the proton pump inhibitor Lanzor lansoprazole, licensed from Takeda ; rising by 13.3% in 2001, although sales of Zoltum omeprazole, licensed from Astra ; were flat at 62 million euros. Aventis Pharma: Top Products in France Brand Name.
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Mary was 17 years old. She and her boyfriend David were expecting a baby. David was Mary's first boyfriend and he was very attentive and kind to her. But David had not been well lately. His mouth had been very sore and smelled bad all the time. Although he did not seem to have problems with his teeth, it was hard to chew or swallow, and white spots appeared on the roof of his mouth. Mary thought he should go to see the dental worker at the health center. At first David refused. He said he did not want to talk about it in a nervous voice. Finally David agreed to go if Mary would go too. David said he wanted to see the dental worker by himself. So Mary sat in the waiting room while David saw the dental worker. 169.
The website furthermedicaleducation has been designed by a Registrar in Psychiatry to allow doctors in psychiatry, and other specialties, to stay in touch and up to date at their convenience. The site has two components: 1. online communities, and 2. interactive tutorials.
Soning me." The patient further reported her belief that she probably had been poisoned numerous times by her husband, whom she had not seen in 4 weeks. Although we were able to estabFactor Tested Test Result Reference Range lish superwarfarin ingestion as the cause of the patient's symptoms, we were not Fibrinogen, mg dL 339 200420 able to definitively establish the cause of Hematocrit, % 27.6 36.144.3 female ; this ingestion. ; Hemoglobin, g dL 9.5 12.115.1 female ; The patient's initial treatment International normalized ratio * course at our hospital continued for 2 Partial thromboplastin time, s 120 2535 weeks. During this time, she was closely Platelet count, L 386, 000 150, 000400, 000 observed both in the ICU and on the general medical floor for any sign of Prothrombin time, s 40 10.412.6 self-medication. However, no such ques Qualitative D-dimer Negative . tionable behavior was observed. Thrombin time, s 13.8 14.518.9 Because of her prolonged PT and PTT, White blood cell count, L 9600 450010, 000 continual replacement of coagulation factors via plasma transfusion was nec * International normalized ratio was not initially tested because prothrombin time was greater than essary. In total, the patient required 56 40 seconds. units of fresh frozen plasma, averaging A subsequent 1: mixing study for coagulation factor deficiency showed a correction in prothrombin time to 12.1 seconds. six units daily for 10 days. She also received daily doses 5 mg ; of vitamin K. This regimen corrected the patient's PT to an average time of 18 seconds, and her PTT to an The results of our initial laboratory evaluation of the average of 40 seconds. Her INR tested at an average of 2.5 refpatient are reported in Table 1. The coagulation factor analyses erence range, 0.81.2 ; demonstrated both prolonged PT 40 s; reference range, Although substantial corrections of the patient's PT and 10.412.6 s ; and prolonged PTT 120 s; reference range, 2535 s ; . It was not necessary to initially test for the interna- PTT were obtained with treatment, an incomplete correction was suggested by a 50: mixing study on serial dilutions, tional normalized ratio INR ; , which is useful for confirming which pointed to a possible circulating inhibitor as a comPT results, because of the extremely elevated PT level. Additional medical history obtained in the initial evalu- ponent of the patient's anticoagulated state. The possibility of ation of the patient included hypertension, which had pre- an autoimmune process behind the symptoms was considviously been managed with amlodipine, and depression, ered, and the patient was prescribed the corticosteroid solwhich had been managed with inpatient psychiatric hospi- umedrol for immunosuppression. talization. The patient denied having a prior history of Superwarfarin toxicity was also considered. Superwarbleeding into a joint or elongated bleeding after surgery or farins are a class of rodenticides that include brodifacoum, brotooth extraction. No recent history of snake bite or hypermadiolone, chlorophacinone, difenacoum, and difethiacone.1 thermia were reported. Other medications used by the patient We contacted the national hotline of the American Associain her previous hospitalizations included sucralfate 1 g orally tion of Poison Control Centers AAPCC ; , to learn what serobefore meals and at bedtime ; and lansoprazole 30 mg orally logic tests are available for ingestion of superwarfarins and four times per day ; . The patient denied using over-the-counter where these tests could be performed Figure ; . Serologic tests medications, alcohol, or recreational drugs. Ingestion of for two of the more common superwarfarins--brodifacoum Coumadin Bristol-Myers Squibb Co; Princeton, NJ ; war- and difenacoum--were referred out to a recommended labfarin sodium ; or derivatives was also adamantly denied--a oratory. Laboratory evaluation for these substances is perdenial that was supported by negative test results for formed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chroCoumadin upon admission to our hospital. matography HPLC ; or radioimmunoassay enzyme-linked After this information was obtained in the patient's ini- immunosorbent assay RIA ELISA ; . The patient's brodifatial evaluation, a psychiatric consultation was obtained. The coum level by HPLC was 37 ng mL--a positive result indiconsultation revealed that the patient's depression had been cating poisoning. managed with several different regimens in the past. ConWithin 24 hours of contacting the AAPCC hotline, empiric cerning her past inpatient psychiatric hospitalization, the treatment with oral vitamin K 100 mg daily ; was initiated. patient remarked, "I was either crazy or my husband was poiLaboratory tests performed within 24 hours of the initial.
The emphasis in this report is on PPIs as a class. It is nevertheless useful to examine different PPIs for their licensed indications and cost. This is done in Tables 3 and 4. A large number of RCTs have compared the two oldest PPIs, omeprazole and lansoprazole. A smaller number of RCTs have performed comparisons of other pairings of PPIs. However, it is not the purpose of this report to make a judgement about the effectiveness of any one PPI in comparison with another and levofloxacin.
Nine out of ten common illnesses are treated by people themselves People find OTC medicines effective and prove it by buying the same products time and again Over 860million packs of OTC medicines are bought by people every year compared with 650million prescriptions The NHS would not be able to cope if all these people turned instead to their GP 300, 000 GP consultations a day for minor ailments at a cost to the NHS of 8.4m a day and 27bn a year We are not a pill for every ill society. The total market is worth 2billion, growing less than inflation OTC medicines offer value for money, the average cost is 3.50. Households spend less than 3 a week on medicines and health products compared with nearly 80 a week on leisure activities Many OTC medicines are seasonal. Missing a launch date means missing a whole year of marketing The ingredients in OTC medicines are well established with well known safety profiles. They have often been on the market for as long as 60-100 years. OTC medicines are regularly reviewed to ensure they continue to be used responsibly for self care and self-medication Simplifying the regulations for these well established medicines would free up scarce resources to concentrate on the newer medicines which are more complex and where the risks associated with their use are less well known.
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GENERIC NAME BRAND PRODUCT NAME Nystatin Mycostatin oral, topical, vaginal Olanzapine Zyprexa Omeprazole * restricted to use after trial Prilosec of famotidine, ranitidine and lansoprazole, unrestricted use in tx of erosive esophagitis and h. pylori associated PUD Opium tincture Opium tincture Oxandrolone * restricted to use in Anavar, Oxandrin females Oxycodone immediate release oral generic only Oxycodone APAP or ASA Percocet, Percodan oral generic only Paclitaxel * restricted to use in Kaposi's Taxol Sarcoma Pancrelipase Enteric coated encapsulated microspheres microtablets Paromomycin Humatin Paroxetine Paxil Pegylated Interferon - available thru Peg-Intron free drug program Penicillin V potassium Pen-Vee K oral generic only Pentamidine Nebupent, Pentam inhaled, injection Pneumococcal Vaccine * single dose, 1 Pneumovax, Pnu-imune time dispensing Pravastatin Pravachol Prednisone oral generic only Probenecid Benemid generic only Prochlorperazine Compazine Promethazine Phenergan oral, suppository Pyrazinamide Pyrazinamide Pyrimethamine Daraprim Quetiapine Seroquel Ranitidine HCL RX strength only ; Zantac oral Ribavirin Capsules Rebetol Ribavirin Interferon Alfa 2B Rebetron Rifabutin Mycobutin.
This section presents more detailed information on the effectiveness and safety of the PPIs. All the PPIs do a good job of healing esophagitis, the erosion or inflammation of the lining of the esophagus leading to healing in 86% to 92% of people. Studies have found no differences in healing for these drugs at their FDA-approved starting doses: 30mg of lansoprazole Prevacid ; , 20mg of omeprazole Prilosec, Prilosec OTC, and the generic ; , 40mg of pantoprazole Protonix ; , and 20mg of rabeprazole Aciphex ; . Esomeprazole Nexium ; at the 20mg dose is equivalent to the other PPIs. However, Nexium is almost always prescribed at a dose of 40mg. Some studies show that this dose heals esophagitis better than other PPIs given at their typical doses. On the basis of such studies, the company that makes Nexium has claimed superiority in ads aimed at doctors and consumers. Those claims have propelled Nexium to front-runner status in PPI sales nationwide. But other recent studies show that a ; Nexium at 40mg was equivalent to Protonix at 40mg, and b ; people with GERD who did not have esophagitis fared just as well with generic Prilosec at 20mg as with Nexium at 40mg. If you are taking any PPI and not getting the relief you need, we recommend that you talk to your doctor about taking a larger dose. An option for people without insurance or drug coverage: take two 20mg tablets of Prilosec OTC instead of one. PPIs are effective and better than H2 blockers at preventing the return of esophagitis after it has healed. Many people take a PPI for long periods to prevent heartburn and the damage that GERD can cause. Studies so far indicate this is safe to do. See page 8. ; However, it can be expensive. Doctors disagree about whether such long-term use is necessary, especially for people with mild symptoms that could be controlled with lifestyle changes and use of over-thecounter drugs. Indeed, many doctors and pharmacists believe PPIs are overused to treat people who have heartburn but no sign of esophagitis. Finally, all the PPIs are effective and seem to be equally so in helping to heal stomach and peptic and loratadine.
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Disulfiram Naltrexone and HAART Medication Interactions In vitro disulfiram inhibits CYP2E1, 2C9, and 3A4, but in vivo CYP2E1 inhibition predominates [Mitra AK Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995 Nov; 58 5 ; : 556]. There is a low likelihood of clinically significant drug interactions between disulfiram and HAART and miconazole.
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But most recently according to a report in the journal of pediatrics expressed satisfaction for long-term use of proton pump inhibitors ppis ; -drugs such as prilosec omeprazole ; and prevacid lansoprazole ; that are used to stop stomach acid from refluxing into the esophagus-appears to be safe and effective in children.
Script Bits on the web: newforestpct.nhs foi scriptbits.h tml Press Ctrl and click on the link to view back numbers. Generic lansoprazole is now available. It is priced at slightly more than half of the cost of the original brand. We earnestly look forward to seeing the Drug Tariff price for this product fall over the next few months. This is why we asked you not to move to the `FasTabs'. Lumiracoxib launched. Our advice, in the light of the recent history of Coxibs, is not to prescribe this until it has been assessed by the District Prescribing Committee. Pandemic `flu? Online training to help clinicians recognise it is available from the Health Protection Agency. See Doctors Prescription problems out of hours. If a pharmacy receives a prescription from the OOH service which gives cause for concern, contact the clinical supervisor on 01962-875232. The ASCOT trial. Even the authors admit that any beneficial effects of the amlodipine regimen are small. You need to treat 650 patients for one year in order to prevent a single death! ASCOT does not seem to dictate a change in current practice. Grapefruit seeds are not antibacterial. It has now been demonstrated that activity found in some seed extracts is due to the nasty agro-chemicals they put on the grapefruit trees. As Bandolier put it, `wake up and smell the drain cleaner' and mirtazapine.
For lansoprazole no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal fetal development, parturition or postnatal development. The use of lansoprazole during pregnancy is not recommended. It is not known whether lansoprazole is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of lansoprazole in milk. A decision on whether to continue discontinue breast-feeding or to continue discontinue therapy with lansoprazole should be made taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of lansoprazole therapy to the woman. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines.
Blank plasma sample; plasma sample spiked with is; plasma sample spiked with lansoprazole 2 mg l and is; plasma sample 2 h after oral 30 mg lansoprazole and monistat.
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The effects of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole are likely to be dependent on the patient's CYP2C19 genotype. A poor metaboliser would have more marked effects than an extensive metaboliser. The intake of food reduces the bioavailability of lansoprazole: it is recommended to take lansoprazole before the meal. 4.6. Pregnancy and Lactation and nizoral and lansoprazole.
The study, published in clinical drug investigation, showed that the percentages of healed patients after an 8-week treatment cycle for lansoprazole 30 mg were 9 4 percent and for esomeprazole 40 mg were 8 1 percent.
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Oxazepam, Cont. ; Isoniazid, 194 5 Levodopa, 737 4 Mephenytoin, 647 4 Metocurine Iodide, 891 4 Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants, 891 3 Oxtriphylline, 207 4 Pancuronium, 891 5 Paroxetine, 200 4 Phenytoin, 647 4 Probenecid, 201 5 Succinylcholine, 1077 3 Theophylline, 207 3 Theophyllines, 207 4 Tubocurarine, 891 4 Vecuronium, 891 4 Zidovudine, 1313 Oxprenolol, 4 Atracurium, 892 4 Gallamine Triethiodide, 892 4 Methyldopa, 851 4 Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants, 892 4 Sulfinpyrazone, 247 4 Tubocurarine, 892 Oxtriphylline, 2 Acyclovir, 1176 2 Adenosine, 17 5 Albuterol, 1214 4 Allopurinol, 1177 3 Alprazolam, 207 4 Aminoglutethimide, 1178 2 Amobarbital, 1180 2 Aprobarbital, 1180 2 Atracurium, 908 2 Azithromycin, 1204 2 Barbiturates, 1180 3 Benzodiazepines, 207 2 Beta Blockers Nonselective ; , 1181 5 Bitolterol, 1214 2 Butabarbital, 1180 2 Butalbital, 1180 5 Caffeine, 1182 4 Carbamazepine, 1183 2 Carteolol, 1181 3 Chlordiazepoxide, 207 2 Cimetidine, 1184 2 Ciprofloxacin, 1210 2 Clarithromycin, 1204 3 Clonazepam, 207 3 Clorazepate, 207 2 Contraceptives, Oral, 1185 4 Corticosteroids, 1186 4 Demeclocycline, 1217 2 Dextrothyroxine, 1220 3 Diazepam, 207 2 Diltiazem, 1187 2 Dirithromycin, 1204 2 Disulfiram, 1188 2 Doxacurium, 908 4 Doxycycline, 1217 2 Enoxacin, 1210 5 Ephedrine, 1189 2 Erythromycin, 1204 3 Estazolam, 207 4 Felodipine, 1191 3 Flurazepam, 207 4 Fluvoxamine, 1192 5 Furosemide, 1203 2 Gallamine Triethiodide, 908 1 Halothane, 1194 2 Hydantoins, 1195 4 Hydrocortisone, 1186 4 Influenza Virus Vaccine, 1196 Oxtriphylline, Cont. ; 4 Interferon, 1197 4 Interferon alfa-2a, 1197 4 Iodine131, 711a 5 Isoetharine, 1214 4 Isoniazid, 1199 5 Isoproterenol, 1214 4 Ketamine, 1200 4 Ketoconazole, 1201 5 Lansoprazole, 1202 2 Levothyroxine, 1220 2 Liothyronine, 1220 2 Liotrix, 1220 4 Lithium, 777 5 Loop Diuretics, 1203 3 Lorazepam, 207 2 Macrolide Antibiotics, 1204 2 Mephobarbital, 1180 5 Metaproterenol, 1214 2 Methimazole, 1219 2 Metocurine Iodide, 908 2 Mexiletine, 1205 3 Midazolam, 207 4 Minocycline, 1217 2 Mivacurium, 908 4 Moricizine, 1206 5 Nifedipine, 1207 2 Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants, 908 2 Norfloxacin, 1210 3 Oxazepam, 207 4 Oxytetracycline, 1217 2 Pancuronium, 908 2 Penbutolol, 1181 2 Pentobarbital, 1180 2 Phenobarbital, 1180 2 Phenytoin, 1195 2 Pindolol, 1181 2 Pipecuronium, 908 5 Pirbuterol, 1214 4 Prednisone, 1186 2 Primidone, 1180 4 Propafenone, 1209 5 Propofol, 996 2 Propranolol, 1181 2 Propylthiouracil, 1219 3 Quazepam, 207 2 Quinolones, 1210 5 Ranitidine, 1211 2 Rifampin, 1212 2 Secobarbital, 1180 5 Sulfinpyrazone, 1213 5 Sympathomimetics, 1214 4 Tacrine, 1215 3 Temazepam, 207 4 Terbinafine, 1216 5 Terbutaline, 1214 4 Tetracycline, 1217 4 Tetracyclines, 1217 2 Thiabendazole, 1218 2 Thioamines, 1219 2 Thyroglobulin, 1220 2 Thyroid, 1220 2 Thyroid Hormones, 1220 2 Ticlopidine, 1221 2 Timolol, 1181 3 Triazolam, 207 2 Troleandomycin, 1204 2 Tubocurarine, 908 2 Vecuronium, 908 4 Verapamil, 1222 4 Zafirlukast, 1223 2 Zileuton, 1224 Oxybutynin, 5 Acetaminophen, 1 2 Acetophenazine, 941 4 Amantadine, 60 and nolvadex.
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Immunochemistry On day 0, hippocampal neurons were plated on poly dlysine 25 g mL ; -coated 12 mm glass coverslips Fisher, Nepean, On, Canada ; placed in multiwell plates and grown in the same medium as described above. On day 3, the medium was removed, the cells rinsed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature RT ; for 15 min. Cells were pre-treated with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 20 min followed by a blocking step with 5% normal donkey serum NDS ; bovine serum albumine BSA ; 5% 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 20 min at RT. The cells were then incubated overnight at 4C with a mouse anti- NeuN monoclonal antibody 1: 250; Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA ; in PBS supplemented with 0.1% Triton X-100, NDS 5% ; and BSA 0.5% ; . After several washes in PBS, the secondary antibody Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-mouse IgG1, 1: 200; Invitrogen ; diluted in the same buffer as the primary antibody was added and incubation proceeded for 2 hrs at RT. The coverslips were washed several times then mounted on slides with DAPIcontaining Vectashield Vector Laboratories, Burlington, On, Canada ; . Hippocampal cells were examined using conventional immunofluorescence microscopy and counted from three 40 magnification fields on one slide for each experimental condition. Each experiment was repeated using a different culture preparation. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction RTPCR ; RT-PCR was performed using a sensitive two-step PCR protocol according to [59] with some minor modifications. Total RNA was isolated from 3-day-old rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons from two different experiments ; and from rat striatum P14 ; by using the Qiagen Mississauga, On, Canada ; RNeasy midi-kit in conjunction with the RNase-free DNase set according to the manufacturer's protocol. First strand cDNA was generated from 1 g total RNA in a 20 reaction containing: 2.5 M random hexamers Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA ; , 10 mM DTT Sigma ; , 20 U Ribonuclease Inhibitor Takara Biomedicals, Otsu, Japan ; , 0.5 mM dNTP, 1X First strand buffer, and 100 U SuperScript II RNase H- Reverse.
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A General Introduction The liver is the body's chemical powerhouse. Impairment leads to a multiplicity of symptoms. Digestive problems, hormonal imbalances, fluctuating energy levels, malaise and apathy all may have their origins in liver dysfunction. The liver not only provides energy, metabolises food and neutralises toxins, but is also at the core of our immune response. Over 3000 years Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM ; has evolved a comprehensive understanding of the liver's critical multi-tasking role in our health and well-being. The liver is referred to as the 'General', and is vital in controlling the body's 'troops'.
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Dyspepsia compared to antacid alginate liquid: a multicentre study in general practice. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 1998; 12: 147-157. Meineche-Schmidt, V. and Krag, E. Antisecretory therapy in 1017 patients with ulcerlike or refluxlike dyspepsia in general practice. Eur Gen.Pract 1997; 3: 125-130. Delaney, B., Ford, A., Forman, D., et al. Initial management strategies for dyspepsia. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2005; CD001961. 36. Mason, I., Millar, L. J., Sheikh, R. R., et al. The management of acid-related dyspepsia in general practice: a comparison of an omeprazole versus an antacid-alginate ranitidine management strategy. Compete Research Group [corrected]. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 1998; 12: 263-271. Castell, D. O., Kahrilas, P. J., Richter, J. E., et al. Esomeprazole 40 mg ; compared with lansoprazole 30 mg ; in the treatment of erosive esophagitis. J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97: 575-583. Sharma, V. K., Leontiadis, G. I. and Howden, C. W. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing standard clinical doses of omeprazole and lansoprazole in erosive oesophagitis. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 2001; 15: 227-231. Edwards, S. J., Lind, T. and Lundell, L. Systematic review of proton pump inhibitors for the acute treatment of reflux oesophagitis. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 2001; 15: 1729-1736. Bytzer, P. On-demand therapy for gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Eur Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2001; 13 Suppl 1: S19-S22. 41. Bardhan, K. D., Muller-Lissner, S., Bigard, M. A., et al. Symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: double blind controlled study of intermittent treatment with omeprazole or ranitidine. The European Study Group. BMJ 1999; 318: 502-507. Bardhan, K. D. Intermittent and on-demand use of proton pump inhibitors in the management of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98: S40-S48. 43. Stockley's Drug Interactions. 7th edition. 2006. Pharmaceutical Press. 44. Gustavson, L. E., Kaiser, J. F., Edmonds, A. L., et al. Effect of omeprazole on concentrations of clarithromycin in plasma and gastric tissue at steady state. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1995; 39: 2078-2083. Bottiger, Y., Tybring, G., Gotharson, E., et al. Inhibition of the sulfoxidation of omeprazole by ketoconazole in poor and extensive metabolizers of Smephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol.Ther 1997; 62: 384-391. Kang, B. C., Yang, C. Q., Cho, H. K., et al. Influence of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in healthy volunteers. Biopharm.Drug Dispos. 2002; 23: 77-81. Pfizer Limited. Vfend. Summary of Product Characterisitcs. ABPI 2005; 48. Smith, S. R. and Kendall, M. J. Ranitidine versus cimetidine. A comparison of their potential to cause clinically important drug interactions. Clin.Pharmacokinet. 1988; 15: 44-56. Brogden, R. N., Carmine, A. A., Heel, R. C., et al. Domperidone. A review of its pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic dyspepsia and as an antiemetic. Drugs 1982; 24: 360-400. Orme, M. L. and Tallis, R. C. Metoclopramide and tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. Br Med J Clin Res Ed ; 1984; 289: 397-398. Holtmann, G. and Talley, N. J. Functional dyspepsia. Current treatment recommendations. Drugs 1993; 45: 918-930. Talley, N. J. and Phillips, S. F. Non-ulcer dyspepsia: potential causes and pathophysiology. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 865-879. Archimandritis, A., Tzivras, M., Fertakis, A., et al. Cisapride, metoclopramide, and ranitidine in the treatment of severe nonulcer dyspepsia. Clin Ther 1992; 14: 553-561. Fumagalli, I. and Hammer, B. Cisapride versus metoclopramide in the treatment of functional dyspepsia. A double-blind comparative trial. Scand Gastroenterol. 1994; 29: 33-37. izadeh-Naeeni, M., Saberi-Firoozi, M., Pourkhajeh, A., et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication or of ranitidine plus metoclopramide on Helicobacter pyloripositive functional dyspepsia. A randomized, controlled follow-up study. Digestion 2002; 66: 92-98. Ellidokuz, E. and Kaya, D. The effect of metoclopramide on QT dynamicity: double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in healthy male volunteers. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 2003; 18: 151-155. Vakil, N. and Fendrick, A. M. How to test for Helicobacter pylori in 2005. Cleve.Clin.J.Med. 2005; 72 Suppl 2: S8-13. 58. Altman, D. G. and Bland, J. M. Diagnostic tests. 1: Sensitivity and specificity. BMJ 1994; 308: 1552. Nguyen, T. N., Barkun, A. N. and Fallone, C. A. Host determinants of Helicobacter pylori infection and its clinical outcome. Helicobacter. 1999; 4: 185-197. Cremonini, F., Gasbarrini, A., Armuzzi, A., et al. Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Eur Clin Invest 2001; 31: 431-437. Anon. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 579-581. MeReC. Managing dyspepsia: the role of Helicobacter pylori. MeReC Bulletin 2001; 12: 1-4. Vaira, D. and Vakil, N. Blood, urine, stool, breath, money, and Helicobacter pylori. Gut 2001; 48: 287-289.
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