An independent director is a director that complies with the independence requirements for directors with respect to us for companies listed on the Nasdaq National Market and has business or technical experience, stature and character as is commensurate with service on our board of directors of a publicly traded enterprise. In addition, so long as GSK's percentage ownership of our voting stock is 50.1% or greater, upon its request, GSK may designate nominees for half of the total number of independent directors. These nominees to be independent directors must be reasonably acceptable to the directors not nominated by GSK. Each GSK nominee to be an independent director must meet the qualifications of an independent director both with respect to us and with respect to GSK. An equal number of independent directors will be nominated by the directors of our board of directors excluding the directors nominated by GSK ; . If GSK's percentage ownership of our voting stock falls below 50.1% subject to certain limitations ; , then the term of each director nominated by GSK pursuant to this provision will automatically cease. Any committee of our board of directors must contain at least one director nominated by GSK except for: a committee representing the interests of the holders of common stock; a committee of independent directors constituted for the purposes of making any determination that is to be made under the terms of the governance agreement or our certificate of incorporation; or a committee in which membership of a director nominated by GSK would be prohibited by applicable law, regulation or stock exchange or trading system listing requirement. Approval by a Majority of GSK Nominated Directors of Certain Actions The approval of a majority of the directors nominated by GSK will be required to approve any of the following: our acquisition of any business or assets that would constitute a substantial portion of our business or assets; the sale, lease, license, transfer or other disposal of a substantial portion of our business or assets, tangible or intangible, other than dispositions of assets over which GSK has no contractual rights pursuant to agreements with us or in the ordinary course of business; or 86.
The following table indicates the approximate number of employees by location: december 31, total united states international share ownership as of december 31, 2003 , all of the officers and directors listed below had direct or beneficial ownership of less than 1% of the outstanding shares.
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As a result of the growing need to train evidence-based physicians and to produce mentor physicians prepared to assist residents in meeting residency requirements for research, there is a strong need to provide research education, support and infrastructure to osteopathic trainees and physicians. With proper training, newly trained osteopathic physicians will be better prepared to carry out clinical-based research than any generation before them. Each and every specialty college recognized by the AOA has a required research component. The challenge before osteopathic educators is to grow the research culture, during both pre-doctoral post-doctoral stages of the medical education program while continuing to provide excellent academic and clinical experiences. But before this can happen, the educational community must have a clear understanding of the roadblocks faced by student-researchers. This study will attempt to identify and summarize the research needs and problems faced by post-doctoral trainees. Preliminary findings suggest that support services must include research methodology, protocol development, research dissemination such as posters and oral presentations ; , case reports, journal reviews, literature searches, research design, basic statistics, basic psychometrics such as survey design ; , and research policies procedures. Training session should to include hands-on opportunities, coupled with classic didactic sessions to bring research alive. tasks that 50% to 70% of the students completed satisfactorily with two of these tasks requiring revision to the curriculum based on student feedback.
Table 1.--Characteristics of Patients With CD4 + Cell Counts Less Than 0.075 109 L by Mycobacterium avium Complex Prophylaxis and Treatment.
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Pathway for nucleotide release remains undefined 15, 22 ; . It is not clear whether RSV induces increased UTP release through normal cellular pathways or whether it induces release via virus-specific mechanisms. Although LDH was undetectable in BAL 2 and 4 days after infection, it is possible that UTP release is solely a consequence of a low level of epithelial cell death although no inhibition of AFC is evident 6 days after infection, when LDH levels in BAL are significantly elevated ; . Alternatively, elevated ALF UTP levels may result from UTP release by RSV-infected alveolar macrophages or infiltrating inflammatory cells. Once released, ATP, its metabolites, and UTP have been shown to modulate ENaC activity in respiratory epithelial cells in vitro. ATP and UTP have been shown to inhibit respiratory epithelial Na absorption in vitro for review see Ref. 24 ; via interaction with the P2Y2 purinoceptor 33 ; , which can be expressed on apical and basolateral epithelial cell surfaces 15 ; . In vivo, UTP administered at pharmacological doses 100 M ; to human subjects has also been shown to induce chloride secretion by nasal epithelium 19 ; and, when given by aerosol, to promote mucociliary clearance, although, interestingly, in the presence of amiloride, it also induced mild hypoxemia 34 ; . Downstream signaling events mediating ENaC downregulation have not been fully defined. P2YR are G protein-coupled and act via the inositol phosphate pathway to stimulate Ca2 release from intracellular stores but can also act via multiple secondary signal transduction pathways, including protein kinase C PKC ; 2 ; . Activation of PKC has been shown to reduce ENaC activity and modify its subunit composition, although the isoforms of PKC involved have not been defined 26, 41 ; . It is possible that a change in ENaC subunit stoichiometry, induced by RSV infection, underlies the difference in amilo60% ; ride sensitivity of AFC between normal mice Amil and RSV-infected mice in which AFC30 basal has been "normalized" by degradation or blockade of UTP Amil 20% ; . An alternative possibility is that agents that degrade or block UTP also induce non-ENaC expression. However, given the varying nature of these agents and the fact that they do not increase AFC30 basal in mock-infected mice, which they should if they are inducing new channels, this seems unlikely. Moreover, although it is possible that NiCl is causing blockade of basolateral K channels or the Na -K -ATPase, and thereby inhibiting AFC, we believe that it is unlikely that NiCl, when added to the apical aspect of the alveolus in the AFC instillate, could reach the basolateral cell surface in sufficient concentration to have an inhibitory effect on these transporters. The inhibitory effects of NiCl on AFC are therefore more likely to be a consequence of inhibition of amiloride-sensitive or -insensitive Na channels in the apical membrane. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that RSV has a significant and detrimental inhibitory effect on AFC in the mouse. Moreover, we have found that this effect appears to be mediated by UTP, presumably released by the bronchoalveolar epithelium in response to infection. The underlying mechanism and the full pathophysiological consequences of this nucleotide release remain to be determined. Finally, our data suggest that P2YR antagonists may be useful in the treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis to improve AFC and, hence, gas exchange in the lung and elavil!
A K conductance inhibitor 16 ; , had little effect on the outward current. Goodman et al. 7 ; recently reported that formation of domes by alveolar type II cells was not affected by substitution of C1- or K . The findings reported in the present study suggest that the presence of Na is essential for the outward current from domes formed by alveolar type II ceils. We made similar observations outward current from domes that is blocked by amiloride and by choline substitution for sodium ; on domes formed by the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line, and thus transepithelial sodium transport may be required for the outward current from domes by epithelial cells in general.
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Northumberland and North Tyneside Drugs and Therapeutics Committee. Formulary - Version 1.1 September 2004.
1050 times smaller than with the first method, but the authors observed that amiloride inhibited fluid absorption, whereas cAMP agonists in the presence of amiloride induced a net fluid secretion. A third technique consisted of adding 100 l of culture medium to the mucosal surface of human nasal epithelial cell cultures, retrieving the mucosal solution 2 h later and weighing this volume 8 ; . Baseline fluid absorption reached 0.52 l h cm2. It was inhibited by amiloride, but reversed to net fluid secretion by exposure to luminal ATP or UTP. As compared with our data, reported rates of fluid transport across human proximal airway epithelia are obviously lower, especially the basal fluid absorption and the secretion induced by Cl secretagogues. This may reflect differences in techniques of fluid transport measurement or a true difference in fluid transport between airway regions. Under the latter hypothesis, because the basal Isc and the amiloride-sensitive component of Isc are similar in cultured epithelial cells from proximal airways and from bronchioles 1, 4 ; , our results could indicate that proximal and distal airways differ in nonelectrogenic ion transport processes or that epithelial water permeability is higher in distal than in proximal airways. It is unclear whether electroneutral ion transport comprises a significant fraction of total net ion transport in any region of the pulmonary epithelium. Radioisotopic ion flux studies will be necessary to determine the existence and relative contribution of electroneutral transport to net active ion flux across bronchiolar epithelium. On the other hand, the consistently low transepithelial R of cultured bronchiolar epithelial cells suggests that this tissue may be very leaky to accommodate a high degree of water permeability. In support of this hypothesis, high levels of expression of aquaporin 3 AQP3 ; have been demonstrated in the apical membrane of cuboidal cells in human bronchiolar epithelium by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence 35 ; . This level of AQP3 expression was postulated to confer a significant fluid transport capacity to this epithelium. Our data are also consistent with functional studies reporting a relatively high osmotic water permeability 45 10 3 microperfused guinea pig distal airway mucosa as measured using fluorescent probes 36 ; . Thus, the epithelium of human distal airways is probably much leakier that the epithelium of human proximal airways, resulting in a larger transport of fluid in distal airways compared with proximal airways. Our results have several implications in airway physiology. Proximal bronchioles provide a transition from distal lung spaces to cartilaginous bronchi. In these aglandular airways, ASL is postulated to be transported axially from peripheral to central lung regions 5, 37 ; . This cephalad movement implies that absorption of fluid must occur as ASL converges onto gradually narrowing airway surfaces. Studies of transepithelial ion and fluid transport across large airways have found that net absorption of ion and fluid occurs under basal, unstimulated conditions. However, some investigators have argued that ions, but not fluid, are absorbed across the proximal airway mucosa in the basal state leading to a hypotonic ASL 38 ; . Our study confirms that fluid is absorbed in the proximal segments of human bronchioles in the basal state. Furthermore, if se and caduet.
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The Alzheimer Society provides services for individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease and for people affected by other forms of dementia. This is the third in our series of articles designed to provide information about dementia. Vascular dementia is not a normal part of aging. Although it is more common in older people, vascular dementia can develop at any age. It is a type of dementia caused by problems with the supply of blood to the brain. When there is an interruption to the brain's blood supply there can be damage to the brain, more commonly referred to as a stroke, which may lead to dementia. Researchers have learned that one-quarter of people who have a stroke develop vascular dementia within three months. Symptoms of vascular dementia may develop gradually or very suddenly. The pattern of changes a person may experience correspond to the area of the brain impacted by the stroke. Early symptoms may include memory problems, reduced ability to concentrate, changes in mood, physical weakness or paralysis, and difficulty communicating. Depression may accompany vascular dementia. There are three types of vascular dementia: 1. Multi-infarct dementia is a stroke-related dementia caused by many small strokes. Sometimes the strokes are so small that the person does not notice any symptoms or the symptoms are temporary. The word `infarct' means `damaged area'. 2. Single-infarct dementia is also a stroke related dementia caused by a single large stroke or a single stroke that affects a very important part of the brain. 3. Sub-cortical vascular dementia is a small vessel disease, which is not caused by stroke. Damage to the very small blood vessels deep in the brain the sub-cortex ; causes this dementia. Sub-cortical vascular dementia can also be accompanied by stroke. Healthy lifestyle choices may help reduce the risk of vascular dementia. This includes a smoke free environment, a healthy diet low in saturated fat and salt, regular exercise, moderate alcohol consumption, and following doctor recommended treatments if you have high cholesterol, high blood pressure or diabetes. For more information about vascular dementia or any other form of dementia please contact the Alzheimer Society at 943-6622 Winnipeg ; or 1-800-378-6699 or the Regional Office nearest you. If Alzheimer's disease or another dementia affects you, or someone you know, help is just a phone call away. The Spring 2007 newsletter will provide further information about Lewy Body Dementia.
Daily with hibitane and packed with sterile gauze. An oral antibiotic cover is provided until the wound is completely healed. The version 5.16 statistical analysis system 7-8 ; was used for statistical comparisons, using the logrank test of life table survivorship functions. The probability of remaining free of exit -site infection was calculated in males and females, diabetics and nondiabetics, and in patients with single or double-cuff catheters. These comparisons were repeated for purulent exit-site infections. Finally, we calculated the significance of exit-site infection in subsequent episodes of peritonitis using life table techniques. Statistics with associated p values of 0.05 or less were deemed statistically significant. RESULTS INCIDENCE ESI Among the 131 patients, 60 46% ; had 133 episodes of ESI Table 2 ; . The incidence is one episode every 14.4 patient months. Among these 60 patients, 39 30% of all patients ; developed purulent ESI and 21 16% of all patients ; developed nonpurulent ESI. The incidence of purulent ESI was one episode per 29 patient months, and nonpurulent ESI was one episode per 28.5 patient months. In diminishing order of frequency, the bacteria isolated were Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis, Pseudamanas, and diphtheroids Figure 1 ; . Staph. aureus followed by Pseudamanas and Staph. epidermidis were the most common isolates in purulent ESI. In nonpurulent ESI, the chief bacterial isolates were Staph. aureus followed by Staph. epidermidis. Twenty-one episodes ofESI 16% ; yielded multiple organis ms. N o micro-organisms were isolated from 15 episodes of ESI 1 purulent, 14 nonpurulent ; . The overall probability for remaining free of ESI was 54% at 12 months and 22% at 36 months Figure 2 ; . The probability for purulent ESI was 65% at 12 months and 42% at 34 months. Among diabetics, the .incidence of ESI was one episode per 13.2 patient months; in nondiabetics, the incidence was one episode per 14.9 patient months. For purulent and nonpurulent ESI in diabetics, the incidences were one OF and ascorbic.
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Anderson DF, Prabhasawat P, Alfonso E, Tseng SCG. : Amniotic membrane transplantation after the primary surgical management of band keratopathy. : Cornea. 20 4 ; : 354-361, 2001 May ; . : Amniotic Membrane, Band Keratopathy, Cornea, Ocular Surface, Transplantation. : Purpose. To determine the safety and efficacy of amniotic membrane transplantation to restore and maintain a stable corneal epithelium and reduce ocular surface pain after surgical removal of band keratopathy arising from ocular causes., Methods. Fifteen patients 16 eyes ; from two centers with band keratopathy secondary to ocular causes underwent amniotic membrane transplantation as a graft after surgical removal of calcific deposits with or without the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In a prospective, consecutive, uncontrolled case series, the rate of corneal epithelialization and resultant surface stability were recorded over a mean follow-up, period of 14.6 months. Results. Pain from ocular surface instability was the presenting complaint in 14 of 93.3% ; patients and resolved in all cases after the procedure even for those who experienced a recurrence of the calcific deposit. Fifteen of 16 eyes 93.7% ; achieved epithelialization with a mean time to epithelial healing of 15.2 days. The only eye that failed to heal was subsequently diagnosed with total limbal stem cell deficiency. Visual acuity Improved in five of nine 44% ; sighted eyes and remained unchanged in four of nine 56% ; . No patient experienced any major surgical or medical complication after the procedure. Conclusion. Amniotic membrane transplantation represents a safe and effective method to restore a stable corneal epithelium in eyes after primary surgical removal of band keratopathy arising from ocular causes and tenoretic.
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ABSTRACT -Aminobutyric acidA GABAA ; receptors GABARs ; are responsible for most fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. The GABARs contain several allosteric modulatory sites, many of which are useful clinically. The activity of most of these modulators depends upon the subunit composition of the receptor. The diuretic amiloride was previously reported to inhibit GABARs in frog sensory neurons. We measured its effects on recombinant GABARs to determine its mechanism of action at mammalian receptors and to examine the effect of subunit composition. Amiloride acted primarily as a competitive antagonist, reducing the sensitivity of the receptor to GABA without affecting the maximal current amplitude. Receptors and strattera.
Crease these offers to the family as it approaches the April 3rd trial date. City council on March 22, voted to settle the lawsuit with the Owensby family against the city for 6.5 million. This brings the grand total to .5 million the city has paid for misconduct of officers since 1998. Golf Manor paid the Owensby family million to settle the lawsuit. It is not over. The city still has another round of large cases pending related to police misconduct that will cost you another million. The settlements of .5 million does not include legal expenses associated with these cases over the last eight years. What is so shocking is that neither council nor the mayor has held any officer accountable for their behavior. As a matter of fact look to see the city give Officer Caton back his job with back pay. The Cincinnati Enquirer has misrepresented the facts of this case for five years. The Editorial Board of the Cincinnati Enquirer should be ashamed for allowing such misrepresentations and then calling it journalism. The city would not be offering .5 million to the Owensbys if the city believed they had a case. Understand this is how institutions say they are wrong. They simply write a check. Officer Fangman has already been working to impact public opinion to say the officers involved did nothing wrong. This is yet another indication that the "culture" of our police department has not changed. Let me provide you with a few facts regarding the Owensby case that the traditional White Media has not reported. Facts that will be revealed in court. The first being Mr. Owensby was a military Veteran. The Police Department was looking for a man by the name of "LA" who was a clean-shaven African-American male of average height and weight, possessing a short "afro" and known by the alias of "LA.". Roger Owensby, Jr. had dred locks and a full beard. That is right citizens, this was a case of mistaken identity. The official court records confirm this fact, "It is uncontested that he complied Owensby.
Eliminated by the kidneys. The elimination kinetics of sotalol are among the least complicated; it forms no metabolites and is eliminated exclusively by the kidneys. IMPORTANCE OF THE DRUG FORMULATION IN DETERMINING PHARMACOKINETIC EFFECTS A major concern when prescribing antiarrhythmic drugs is that the pharmacokinetics of a drug can vary as a function of the formulation. Problems are particularly apt to arise when a pharmacist substitutes a generic drug for a brand-name drug, because the antiarrhythmic properties or potential toxic effects of the 2 drugs may not be equivalent. Of equal concern are situations in which a therapeutic regimen is changed from an intravenous to an oral formulation of the same drug. By its very nature, intravenous dosing ensures that the patient receives primarily the parent compound; when the same drug is administered orally, the active metabolites are likely to have a more prominent role. Procainamide, for example, can be used to terminate monomorphic ventricular tachycardia VT ; in most patients when it is administered intravenously, but it is largely ineffective in preventing VT when administered orally. One reason for this dichotomy is that intravenous therapy produces excessive plasma levels of the parent compound, whereas orally administered procainamide is metabolized to N-acetyl-procainamide, which does not have the same antiarrhythmic effects. Painstaking efforts have usually been made in the hospital to titrate the antiarrhythmic drug to achieve optimal therapeutic levels; a change in formulation not only affects bioavailability of the drug but also may alter metabolism and elimination. Furthermore, such substitutions may increase the risk of drugdrug or drug-device interactions. In all of the aforementioned situations, the end result is the same: there is no assurance that the patient is still receiving the same therapy that was successfully used to control the arrhythmia at the time of discharge from the hospital.
| Ing Vibrio alginolyticus, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Alteromonas macleodii 223 ; . These observations show that inhibiting NQR is lethal for at least some marine bacteria and that perhaps the same approach could work against human pathogens that depend on the Na cycle. Other known inhibitors of the Na cycle in bacteria include Li and Ag ions, amiloride, and monensin, an artificial electroneutral Na H antiporter. Ag While antibacterial effects of silver salts were first noticed long ago see reference 180 for a review ; , NQR has been recently recognized as one of the targets of Ag ions. In two independent studies, nanomolar concentrations of Ag ions were shown to inhibit energy-dependent Na transport in inside-out vesicles of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain FTU and to inhibit purified NQR of V. alginolyticus 81, 177 ; . Later, Ag was shown to irreversibly bind to the beta subunit of NQR NqrF or Nqr6 ; , causing enzyme denaturation and the loss of its flavin adenine dirucleotide cofactor 139 ; . Half-maximal inhibition of the enzyme activity was attained at concentrations between 0.5 and 2 nM Ag , making NQR one of the most vulnerable targets of Ag ions. Li A number of Na -dependent bacterial permeases, including NhaA- and NhaB-type Na H antiporters, can use Li instead of Na 95, 146, 151 ; . As a result, Li is effectively exported from the cell and thereby decreases its toxicity. Thus, growth inhibition of wild-type E. coli required as high as 700 mM Li in the medium, while a nhaA nhaB double mutant could not grow even in the presence of 30 mM The growth of P. aeruginosa is also Li sensitive 96 ; . NQR does not seem to use Li as substrate, and some data suggest that Li inhibits this enzyme 214 ; . If so, Li might have potential as drug against Na cycle-dependent bacteria; however, it should be noted that Li is mildly toxic for humans. It is currently used in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder and is known to affect thyroid function, leading to hypothyroidism and goiter. Monensin An artificial electroneutral Na H antiporter, monensin has been traditionally used as a nutritional additive growth promoter ; in cattle 54, 213 ; . Monensin addition reduces amino acid fermentation and, hence, ammonia production in the rumen by disrupting the Na cycle in ruminal Peptostreptococcus spp., which imports some amino acids in symport with Na ions 24, 25 ; . An Na -motive, biotin-dependent glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase and an Na -motive membrane ATPase are apparently operative in this bacterium 24 ; . Well-established activity of monensin against many anaerobic bacteria including Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus bovis, and others 21, 167 ; suggests that it holds promise as a prototype for new antibacterial drugs. Amiloride The diuretic drug amiloride and its 5-aminoalkylated derivatives are potent inhibitors of mammalian Na H antiporters.
Figure 1. Mean serum potassium concentrations were 3.4 0.5 mmol L before amiloride initiation ; and 3.9 0.8 mmol L after amiloride initiation ; P 0.002 ; . The arrow represents the day of amiloride initiation.
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The most significant recent development is the molecular cloning of arENaC a-subunit of rat epithelial Na' channel ; and other cDNAs that express Na' channel activity in Xenous oocytes. arENaC was cloned from rat colon by Canessa et al. 72 ; and by Lingueglia et al. 73 ; using functional expression. It was coined a-subunit because the amiloridesensitive conductance translated by it was considerably smaller than the current induced by injecting oocytes with total poly A' RNA, suggesting that other factors are required. Except for the low amplitude of the Na' current expressed, arENaC had all the characteristics of the highly selective channel, i.e., 1 ; high sensitivity to amiloride K1 0.1 SM ; , 2 ; proper selectivity order in the amiloride series phenamil amiloride EIPA ; , 3 ; no apparent K conductance but high permeability to Li' PLI PNa 1.6 ; , and 4 ; current-voltage relationships that are similar to those of the channel in native membranes 72, 73 ; . The arENaC message is abundant in tissues known to express Na' channels e.g., distal colon and kidney cortex or medulla ; and not found in brain, liver, jejunum, or stomach 72 ; . In the lung, its level increased highly just before and after birth 14 ; , and in rat colon it was moderately enhanced by aldosterone C. M. Canessa and B. C. Rossier and C. Asher and H. Garty, unpublished results ; . The calculated molecular mass of arENaC is 78 kDa, quite different from that of the 150-kDa amiloride-binding protein described above. In vitro translation in the presence of microsomes also produces a 92-kDa band, presumably a glycosylated form of the protein 73 ; . Hydropathy plots predict that arENaC has two hydrophobic domains, each of them sufficiently long to cross the membrane twice 72 ; . Structures of either two helical transmembrane segments plus an hydrophobic f3-sheet stretch 74 ; , or six transmembranal segments 73 ; , were proposed. It has no homology to other channels or amioride.
Hydrochlorothiazide also increases the excretion of potassium ions while amiloride has the opposite effect and has been found to diminish the kaluretic effects of other diuretics hydrochlorothiazide in this combination.
Editor, Talking Shop hen my husband, Jonathan, and I were first considering whether to use genetic testing to screen for a TS-free baby, many people felt we shouldn't push our luck. With a 50% chance of having a child with TS of unpredictable severity, they felt we should be content as a couple. At that time, it was also relatively uncommon to test a foetus for TS in first mutation patients like me. I had no other affected family members who could confirm my specific TS genetic mutation.
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WT DS79 R Page 28 interpretation of the Patents Act, rather than an assessment of the application of that Act, that the Appellate Body had ruled against India. The Appellate Body had justified this seeming contradiction as follows: "It is clear that an examination of the relevant aspects of Indian municipal law and, in particular, the relevant provisions of the Patents Act as they relate to the 'administrative instructions', is essential to determining whether India has complied with its obligations under Article 70.8 a ; say that the Panel should have done otherwise would be to say that only India can assess whether Indian law is consistent with India's obligations under the WTO Agreement. This, clearly, cannot be so."47 These formulations disguised the Appellate Body's approach to the municipal law of India and misrepresented the issue that had been before the Appellate Body. India had not claimed or implied that only India "can assess whether Indian law is consistent with India's obligations under the WTO Agreement". India did assert, however, that only its courts could determine whether the application of the Patents Act by the Government of India was consistent with Indian law and that the role of WTO panels and the Appellate Body was to judge whether India's application of its law was consistent with its WTO obligations. This did not mean that Members wishing to challenge the implementation of WTO obligations under domestic law were defenseless. It merely meant that it was not sufficient for them to base their claims merely on one possible interpretation of the domestic law, as the EC was doing in this case. If the parties to a dispute advanced different interpretations of domestic law and the interpretation of that law had not been settled by the domestic courts, the party whose law was at issue should be given the benefit of the doubt. It was in the interest of all Members of the WTO that this principle be applied. Each Member's economic interests were adequately protected if panels, whenever the interpretation of the domestic law had not yet been settled by municipal courts, examined how the defendant's domestic authorities actually applied the defendant's domestic law to products, services and service suppliers or holders of intellectual property rights from the complainant. No Member would wish to be told by a panel or the Appellate Body, as India had been told in the previous case, that it was violating its own domestic law. 4.15 India also argued that the interpretation by the Panel and Appellate Body of Indian law in the earlier case had been incorrect. The Patents Act required the Controller to refer patent applications to an examiner; it did not, however, specify the time-frame within which the Controller must do so. The Indian authorities were of the view that, given their broad powers under the Indian Constitution in the field of intellectual property and in the implementation of international treaties, they could use the resulting discretion to postpone the referral of applications for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemical products until 2005 because such products would in any case be patentable only then.
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