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Published in Part II, Section 3, Sub-section ii ; of the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 19th May, 2006 ; Government of India Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority New Delhi, the 19th May, 2006 ORDER S.O. 759 E ; In exercise of the powers, conferred by sub-paragraphs 1 ; and 2 ; of paragraph 9 and paragraph 11 of the Drugs Prices Control ; Order, 1995, read with No. S.O. 637 E ; dated the 4th September, 1997 issued by the Government of India in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority, hereby fixes the prices as specified in column 5 ; of the table below as ceiling prices exclusive of excise duty and local tax, if any, of each of the Scheduled formulations specified in the corresponding entry in column 2 ; of the said Table with the strength and pack size specified respectively in the corresponding entries in columns 3 ; and 4 ; thereof: Table Sl. Name of the formulation No. 1 ; 2 ; "1. Ciprofloxacin + Flucinolone Acetonide Clotrimazole + Chlorocresol Cream Ciprofloxacin + Flucinolone Acetonide Clotrimazole + Chlorocresol Cream Ciprofloxacin + Flucinolone Acetonide Clotrimaxloe Ointment Strength 3 ; Each gm contains Ciprofloxacin 0.5% Flucinolone Acetonide- 0.025% Clotrimazole-1.0% Chlorocresol - 0.1% Ciprofloxacin 0.5% Flucinolone Acetonide- 0.025% Clotrimazole-1.0% Chlorocresol - 0.1% Ciprofloxacin - 0.5 % Fluocinolone Acetonide - 0.1 % Clotrimaxloe - 1 % Each tab contains Ciprofloxacin- 500mg Ornidazole-500mg Pack Size 4 ; 5gm Tube Ceiling Price Rs. ; 5 ; 5.28.
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Figure 2. Structures of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Trovafloxacin, Flumequine, and Enrofloxacin.
1 2 3 Summary Introduction Australia and New Zealand Health Spending Prices of Pharmaceuticals Access to medicines Health Care Outcomes 7.1 7.2 7.3 Country comparisons Mental health Cardiovascular disorders Lack of substitution to less interventionist treatments 1 5 7.
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| Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, April 1995, Vol. 36, No. 5 Key Words clarithromycin, pharmacokinetics, keratitis, antimicrobial agent, cornea Acknowledgment The authors thank Lida Hadjiaghai of the UCLA Department of Biostatistics for statistical analysis of data. They also thank Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, for supplying the purified clarithromycin powder and determining clarithromycin levels in corneal tissue. References 1. Helm CJ, Holland GN, Lin R, Berlin OGW, Bruckner DA. Comparison of topical antibiotics for treating Mycobacterium fortuitum keratitis in an animal model. JOphthalmol. 1993; 116: 700-707. Fernandes P, Ramer N, Rode R, Freiderg L. Bioassay for A-56268 TE-031 ; and identification of its major metabolites 14-OH-6-0-methyl-erythromycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988; 7: 73-76. DraizeJH, Woodward G, Calvery HO, Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied to the skin and mucous membranes. J Pharmacol Exp ToxLcol. 1944; 82: 377-390. Bahal N, Nahata MC. The new macrolide antibiotics: Azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, and roxithromycin. Ann Pharmacother. 1992; 26: 46-53. Hammerschlag MR. Azithromycin and clarithromycin. PediatrAnn. 1993; 22: 160-166. Gorzynski FA, Gutman SI, Allen W. Comparative antimycobacterial activities of difloxacin, temafloxacin, enoxacin, pefloxacin, reference fluoroquinolones, and a new macrolide, clarithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989; 33: 591-592. Brown BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Onyi GO, De Rosas V, Wallace RJ. Activities of four macrolides, including clarithromycin against Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, and M. chelonae-like organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992; 36: 180-184. Chu S, Wilson DS, Guay DR, Craft C. Clarithromycin pharmacokinetics in healthy young and elderly volunteers. Clin Pharmacol. 1992; 32: 1045-1049. Gevaudan MJ, Bollet C, Mallet MN, Micco P. In-vitro evaluation of clarithromycin, temafloxacin, and ethambutol in combination against Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob Chemother. 1993; 31: 725-730. Yasuda H, Ajiki Y, Koga T, Kawada H, Yokota T. Interaction between biofilms formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and clarithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993; 37: 1749-1755. Leibowitz HM. Clinical evaluation of ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution for treatment of bacterial keratitis. J Opthalmol. 1991; 112: 34S-47S.
Innaphase Watson LIMS Bioanalysis is supported by Innaphase Watson LIMS version 6.4.0.02 ; , a highly specialized software system designed to provide compliance with GLP and 21 CFR Part 11 regulations. CEDRA uses Watson for sample management, analytical run planning, instrument interfacing, assay performance evaluation, data analysis, reassay decisions, and data reporting. Additionally, automated data transfer from Watson to Pharsight WinNonlin maintains Part 11 compliance for pharmacokinetic analysis. Liquent CoreDossier and NuGenesis Study reports are produced using proven, industry-tested technology providing regulatory compliant files for easy incorporation into electronic submissions. Liquent CoreDossier version 5.5.1 ; applies PDF rendering technology to automatically compile source documents with varying file formats into one seamless publication. Additionally, CEDRA utilizes NuGenesis software for electronic capture of representative chromatography to meet industry guidelines. For more information on this new assay or to determine how it might meet your needs, please email CEDRA at info cedracorp or contact Business Development 512.834.7766 ; . 8609 CROSS PARK DRIVE AUSTIN, TEXAS 78754 512.834.7766 and tricor.
Carboxylic acid, 11 ; . Work up and re-crystallization were as mentioned above. This product was isolated from chloroform extracts at pH above 7. Yield 0.25 g 25 % 1H-NMR DMSO-d6 ; : 1.02, 1.15 2m, H2-2 H2-3 ; , 1.28 t, J 7.0 Hz, 3H, CH3 ; , 3.69 m, 1H, H-1 ; , 4.46 q, J 6.95 Hz, 2H, OCH2CH3 ; , 8.31 d, 3JH-F 11.47 Hz, 1H, H-5 ; , 8.78 s, 1H, H-2 ; , 14.05 br s, 1H, CO2H 13C-NMR CDCl3 ; : 10.95 C-2 C-3 ; , 15.66 CH3 ; , 39.45 C-1 ; , 72.96 d, J 7.5 Hz, OCH2CH3 ; , 108.89 C3 ; , 115.66 d, 2JC-F 20.8 Hz, C-5 ; , 122.74 d, 3JC-F 6.53 Hz, C-4a ; , 131.61 C-8 ; , 136.42 C-8a ; , 145.78 d, 2JC-F 16.68 Hz, C-7 ; , 152.11 d, 1JC-F 247.13 Hz, C-6 ; , 152.72 C-2 ; , 165.06 CO2H ; , 175.89 C-4 IR KBr ; : 3440, 3054, 2921, cm-1; Anal. Calcd. for C15H13FN2O6 336.27 ; : C, 53.58; H, 3.90; N, 8.33. Found: C, 53.65; H, 4.31; N, 7.97; mp 203206 C decomposition Rf value in system 1 0.825 and in system 2 0.925. Antibacterial screening: All the chemical compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against human pathogens Gramnegative E. coli. ATCC 8739 ; and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 ; . The minimal inhibitory concentration MICs ; of the chemical compounds assays were carried out as described by Foroumadi et al. [2, 3], with minor modification. Ciprofloxacin was used as reference antibacterial agent. a ; Determination of inhibition zones agar diffusion method ; : A drop of bacteria was added to sterile nutrient agar 20 mL ; , poured into a plate 9 cm in diameter ; and allowed to solidify to obtain the seeded agar. The final concentration of the microorganisms in the agar plate was 1-4 x 105 cfu.mL-1 checked by viable counting in normal saline ; . Aliquots of 25 L the freshly prepared saturated solutions of the synthesized compounds Table 1 ; were poured in wells 7 mm in diameter ; . Plates were then incubated at 37 C for 24 h. The zones of inhibition were determined as the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the well solution for each compound at its saturated concentration Table 1 ; . Solvent DMSO ; was included in every experiment of determining zones of inhibition as a control to ensure that it has no effect on the bacterial growth. Each experiment was done in duplicate. b ; Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC, serial dilution method ; : Stock solutions were prepared by dissolving each pure compound 5 mg ; in 5 mL of DMSO then 1 mL of the compound stock solution was added to nutrient broth 4 mL ; . Progressive twofold serial dilutions of the stock solutions were made in nutrient broth starting from 100 g mL concentrations in the first test tubes and ending with a concentration of 3.05 x 10-3 g mL. The standardization of bacterial test suspension was carried out according to the McFarland standard method as described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratories Standard NCCLS ; 1993 ; . One drop of bacterial suspension was added to the test tubes containing graded concentrations.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To answer the following question: Are children with asthma known to their GP? Methods: Parents of all 464 children, 13 years of age and registered with five general practices, received a postal questionnaire asking about asthma symptoms of the child, and past and present asthma medication. Thus, children were classified as having no, mild, moderate or severe asthma. The GPs' records were checked for recorded asthma symptoms, medication and asthma-related diagnoses. The presence of these items was compared with asthma severity.
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A 19 year old female is concerned following exposure to meningococcal meningitis. Her flatmate contracted meningococcal meningitis and she now wants preventative treatment. She is generally well without any past medical history. She takes Logynon as a contraceptive agent and uses a salbutamol inhaler infrequently. Which prophylactic anti-microbial treatment would you select? Available marks are shown in brackets 1 ; Clarithromycin 2 ; Ciprofloxacin [100] 3 ; Augmentin 4 ; Doxycycline 5 ; Rifampicin Rifampicin is a reasonable choice as prophylaxis against meningococcal infection but in this 19 year old sexually active student may be expected to reduce the efficacy of the oral contraceptive through liver enzyme induction. Therefore Ciproxin would be the most appropriate agent from the above list as it does not induce Cytochrome p450. The thyroid hormone receptor is: Available marks are shown in brackets 1 ; A gated ion channel 2 ; A cell surface receptor 3 ; A cytoplasmic protein 4 ; A G-protein coupled receptor 5 ; A nuclear receptor [100] The thyroid hormone receptor is a nuclear receptor. When it binds T3 it is able to bind to the thyroid hormone response element TRE ; in the promoter region of thyroid hormone responsive genes and initiates transcription. A 29 year old female presents with headaches. She is noted to be hypertensive with a blood pressure of 180 100 mmHg and initial investiagtions reveal a hypokalaemia of 2.9 mmol l. On closer questioning she is found to consume a large quantity of licquorice. Inhibtion of which enzyme is responsible for the pseudohyperaldosteronism associated with Liquorice. Available marks are shown in brackets 1 ; 5 alpha-reductase 2 ; 21 Hydroxylase 3 ; 11 betaHydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11 bHSD ; 4 ; 17 alpha hydroxylase 17aOH ; 5 ; 11 beta hydroxylase 11 bOH and urispas.
An example of this complexity is illustrated by a recent retrospective analysis by Kim et al9 of patients undergoing vascular surgery in which troponin release was serially evaluated and the patients followed for 6 months postoperatively. PBB, defined as the administration of -blocking drugs on the morning of surgery, during surgery, and for 48 hours after, was used in 75% of patients and was associated with a significant reduction in 6-month mortality odds ratio [OR], 0.3 ; . Elevation of troponin I exceeding 1.5 ng mL was associated with a 6-fold increased risk of 6month mortality and a 27-fold increased risk of MI. Despite this, no statistical association between PBB use and troponin elevation was detected, and the significant relation between death and troponin elevation persisted even after adjustment for PBB.
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The selection of essential medicines is only one step towards the improvement of the quality of health care; selection needs to be followed by appropriate use. Each individual should receive the right medicine, in an adequate dose for an adequate duration, with appropriate information and follow-up treatment, and at an affordable cost. Within different countries and settings, this is influenced by a number of factors, such as regulatory decisions, procurement, information, training, and the context in which medicines are prescribed or recommended and flupenthixol.
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Gonococcal infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have spread into many geographic areas and have increased in prevalence since the mid 1970s. Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal strains of Jamaica from 1981 to 1983 indicated that fewer than 3% of strains of produced beta-lactamase penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae approximately 4% of strains were resistant to penicillin, and 12% were resistant to tetracycline. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To measure the frequency and nature of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Kingston, Jamaica, from 1990 to 1991 and to assess the effectiveness of prescribed treatment regimens. STUDY DESIGN: Urethral isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 116 heterosexual men with uncomplicated gonorrhea, representing 7.1% 116 1633 ; men attending the STD Comprehensive Health Centre from October 1990 through March 1991 who had positive Gram-stained smears, were characterized by auxotype, serovar, presence of the TetM determinant, and plasmid content. Antimicrobial susceptibilities to penicillin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin were determined by an agar dilution method. RESULTS: A total of 80.2% 93 116 ; of the isolates exhibited plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both: penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 13 116; 11.2% ; , tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae 25 116; 21.6% ; , and penicillinase-producing tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 55 116; 47.4% ; . Isolates with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both, accounted for 5.2% 6 116 ; of the isolates. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, tetracyclineresistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and penicillinase-producing tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae belonging to multiple auxotype serovar classes were isolated repeatedly through the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibiting plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both, have become prevalent and endemic in Kingston, Jamaica.Therefore, all gonococcal infections should be treated with antimicrobial therapies known to be active against penicillin-resistant and tetracycline-resistant organisms to reduce gonorrhea transmission. Knapp J.S. et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997; 3 1 ; : 33-9.p Abstract: Fluoroquinolones and broad-spectrum cephalosporins are the most effective antimicrobial agents for the treatment of gonorrhea. However, clinically significant resistance to fluoroquinolones has emerged in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Fluoroquinolone-resistant strains account for approximately 10% of all gonococcal strains in Hong Kong and the Republic of the Philippines.As many as 50% of strains from some Far Eastern countries exhibit decreased susceptibility intermediate resistance ; to fluoroquinolones. Strains with intermediate resistance and clinically significant resistance are being isolated sporadically in North America, where resistant strains have been associated with an outbreak and with failure of infections to respond to treatment with doses of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; strains exhibiting decreased susceptibility to these agents are endemic in at least one metropolitan area. Monitoring for fluoroquinolone resistance is now critical for ensuring adequate treatment of infections with resistant strains and for maximizing the time during which fluoroquinolones may be used to treat gonorrhea. Knapp J.S. et al. Molecular epidemiology, in 1994, of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Manila and Cebu City, Republic of the Philippines. Sex Transm Dis. 1997; 24 1 ; : 2-7.p Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Failure of gonococcal infections to respond to 500 mg of ciprofloxacin or 400 mg of ofloxacin has been reported from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Recently, high rates of decreased susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones have been detected in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Republic of the Philippines. GOALS: To assess the diversity of antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal strains isolated from female sex.
Background: Urinary Tract Infections UTIs ; are one of the most common infectious diseases diagnosed all over the world. Meanwhile most episode of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli up to 85% ; and frequently fluoroquinolones are preferred as initial agents for empiric therapy of UTIs. Widespread use of fluoroquinolones has resulted in an increasing incidence of resistance these agents all over the world. The aim of this study was to assess, susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains from UTI patients against common fluoroquinolones. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by disk agar diffusion DAD ; and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration methods as described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards NCCLS ; . Results: One hundred sixty four clinical isolates of E. coli were collected by urine cultures from patients with UTI. The extent of resistant to nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, by disk diffusion method was 49.3%, 44.5%, 41.4% and 40.2%, respectively. Resistance to ciprofloxacin by MIC method was 4.9%. Conclusion: This study represents high level resistant of E. coli isolates from UTI patients. It is because of inappropriate and incorrect administration of antimicrobial agents in blind cases. This problem remarks significance of performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing before empiric antibiotic therapy. To overcome this problem use of unnecessary antibiotics therapy should be limited and luvox and ofloxacin.
Corresponding sphere correction without astigmatism correction Star S2 Excimer Laser System, VISX, Inc, Santa Clara, California ; with a 6.0-mm-diameter optical zone was performed. The -4.5 D correction had a depth of 53 mm, and the -9.0 D correction had a depth of 106 mm. Two drops of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 0.3% Ciloxan, Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas ; were instilled into the eye at the end of the procedure. A temporary tarsorrhaphy was placed with a double-armed 5.0 silk suture Alcon ; for the first 24 hours after surgery. Any eye that developed infiltration suggestive of infection or an epithelial defect persisting beyond 1 week after surgery was excluded from the study and an additional animal was included in its place.
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Importance of ascertaining if asthma symptoms are in fact due to asthma or to coexisting physical or psychological problems, including poor compliance. Difficult asthma is defined as a disconnection between expectations and outcome, and discordance between symptoms and lung function tests. COPD plus or minus bronchiectasis have been reported in up to 16% of `resistant' asthma cases in OPD settings. In 12% the diagnosis may be some other condition. Comment: A useful reminder to marry clinical signs and symptoms with outcomes and always be prepared to review the diagnosis, no matter how long established. This article also has a useful list of structured diagnostic management in difficult asthma.
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| Hazardous as drugs and should be used only when there is an unequivocal indi cation. In general, an adverse reaction can be considered a failure to achieve the objective of hemotherapy. Effective blood component therapy requires that the clinician choose the appropriate preparation for a given clinical situation, based on careful judgement and sound clinical justification.
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Soralen-UVA PUVA ; therapy UVA, 320-400 nm ; was first reported for the treatment of psoriasis, 1 and its efficacy was soon confirmed by controlled clinical trials in a large patient series, both in the United States and Europe.2, 3 These original findings contributed to the development of photomedicine and established the clinical benefit of PUVA for more than 30 skin disorders, 4 especially for severe psoriasis5 and early-stage mycosis fungoides.6 However, in addition to cross-linking with DNA, leading to decreased epidermal proliferation and immunomodulation, 7-9 UVA-activated psoralens also produce reactive oxygen species ROS ; and free radicals by reacting with oxygen.10 This leads to acute skin phototoxicity, 11 manifested as erythema, edema, pain, and patient discomfort. The hyperpigmentation that develops after PUVA therapy contributes to therapeutic tolerance of UVA and, thus, induces the need to increase the UVA dose repeatedly to maintain the therapeutic effect, leading to higher 41.
2.1.4 Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women Acute pyelonephritis is suggested by flank pain, nausea and vomiting, fever 38C ; , or costovertebral angle tenderness. It may occur in the absence of cystitis symptoms, e.g. dysuria, frequency. Besides physical examination, urinalysis e.g. using a dipstick method ; , including the assessment of white and red blood cells and nitrites, is recommended for routine diagnosis C ; . Colony counts 104 cfu uropathogen mL can be considered to be a clinically relevant bacteriuria IIb ; . An evaluation of the upper urinary tract with ultrasound should be performed to rule out urinary obstruction or renal stone disease C ; . Additional investigations, such as an unenhanced helical computed tomography CT ; , an excretory urogram, or dimercaptosuccinic acid DMSA ; scan, should be considered if the patients remain febrile after 72 hours of treatment to rule out further complicating factors, e.g. urolithiasis, renal or perinephric abscesses C ; . As first-line therapy in mild cases, an oral fluoroquinolone for 7 days is recommended in areas where the rate of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli is still low 10% ; IbA ; . If a Gram-positive organism is seen on the initial Gram stain, an aminopenicillin plus a -lactamase inhibitor BLI ; could be recommended IIbB ; . More severe cases of acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis should be admitted to hospital and treated according to the patient's condition parenterally with a fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin ; , a third-generation cephalosporin or an amino acylaminopenicillin plus a BLI according to the local susceptibility pattern IIbB ; . With improvement, the patient can be switched to an oral regimen using a fluoroquinolone or TMP-SMX if active against the infecting organism ; to complete the 1- or 2-week course, respectively IIbB ; . In areas with increased resistance rate of E. coli against fluoroquinolones and in situations in which fluoroquinolones are contraindicated e.g. pregnancy, lactating women, adolescence ; , a second- or third-generation oral cephalosporin is recommended IIbB ; . Routine post-treatment cultures in an asymptomatic patient may not be indicated; routine urinalysis using a dipstick method is sufficient IIbB ; . In women whose symptoms of pyelonephritis resolve but then recur within 2 weeks, it is important to carry out a repeat urine culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and an appropriate investigation to rule out urinary tract abnormalities C ; . 2.1.5 Recurrent uncomplicated ; UTIs in women Recurrent UTIs RUTIs ; are common among young, healthy women, even though they generally have anatomically and physiologically normal urinary tracts. The following prophylactic antimicrobial regimens are recommended: long-term, low-dose prophylactic antimicrobials taken at bedtime IaA ; post-intercourse prophylaxis for women in whom episodes of infection are associated with sexual intercourse IbA ; a patient-initiated treatment may also be suitable for management of RUTIs in well-informed, young women IIaB ; . Prophylactic alternative methods include immunotherapy IaB ; and probiotic therapy IIaC ; , acidification IIaC ; , and cranberry juice IIaC ; . These regimens are not yet as effective as antimicrobial prophylaxis, though directly comparative studies have not been performed. 2.1.6 UTIs in pregnancy Urinary tract infections are common during pregnancy. Most women acquire bacteriuria before pregnancy, while 20-40% of women with asymptomatic bacteriuria will develop pyelonephritis during pregnancy. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria lowers this risk IIa ; . Most symptomatic UTIs in pregnant women present as acute cystitis. Short-term therapy is not as established as in non-pregnant women. For a recurrent UTI, low-dose cephalexin 125-250 mg ; or nitrofurantoin 50 mg ; at night is recommended for prophylaxis against re-infection IbA ; . Post-intercourse prophylaxis may be an alternative approach IbA ; . For acute pyelonephritis, second- or third-generation cephalosporins, an aminoglycoside, or an aminopenicillin plus a BLI may be recommended antibiotics IIbB ; . During pregnancy, quinolones, tetracyclines and TMP are contraindicated in the first trimester, while sulphonamides should not be used in the last trimester IIbB ; . In cases of delayed defervescence and upper tract dilatation, a ureteral stent may be indicated and antimicrobial prophylaxis should be considered until delivery IIbB ; . 2.1.7 UTIs in post-menopausal women In acute cystitis, the antimicrobial treatment policy in post-menopausal women is similar to that in premenopausal women. However, short-term therapy in post-menopausal women is not as well documented as that in younger women. In the case of a recurrent UTI, urological or gynaecological evaluation should be performed in order to eliminate a tumour, obstructive problems, detrusor failure or a genital infection IIIB.
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19. Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R, et al.; Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA. 2005 Oct 26; 294 16 ; : 2043-51. 20. Drehobl MA, et al. Single-dose azithromycin microspheres vs clarithromycin extended release for treatment of mild-to-moderate CAP in adults. Chest. 2005 Oct; 128 4 ; : 2230-7. 21. D'Ignazio J, Camere MA, Lewis DE, Jorgensen D, Breen JD. Novel, single-dose microsphere formulation of azithromycin versus 7-day levofloxacin therapy for treatment of mild.
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